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By June 19, 2024, 37 396 people had been killed in the Gaza Strip since the attack by Hamas and the Israeli invasion in October, 2023, according to the Gaza Health Ministry, as reported by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.[1] The Ministry’s figures have been contested by the Israeli authorities, although they have been accepted as accurate by Israeli intelligence services,[2] the UN, and WHO. These data are supported by independent analyses, comparing changes in the number of deaths of UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) staff with those reported by the Ministry,[3] which found claims of data fabrication implausible.[4]

Collecting data is becoming increasingly difficult for the Gaza Health Ministry due to the destruction of much of the infrastructure.[5] The Ministry has had to augment its usual reporting, based on people dying in its hospitals or brought in dead, with information from reliable media sources and first responders. This change has inevitably degraded the detailed data recorded previously. Consequently, the Gaza Health Ministry now reports separately the number of unidentified bodies among the total death toll. As of May 10, 2024, 30% of the 35 091 deaths were unidentified.[1]

Some officials and news agencies have used this development, designed to improve data quality, to undermine the veracity of the data. However, the number of reported deaths is likely an underestimate. The non-governmental organisation Airwars undertakes detailed assessments of incidents in the Gaza Strip and often finds that not all names of identifiable victims are included in the Ministry’s list.[6] Furthermore, the UN estimates that, by Feb 29, 2024, 35% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been destroyed,[5] so the number of bodies still buried in the rubble is likely substantial, with estimates of more than 10 000.[7]

Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population’s inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip.[8]

In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death[9] to the 37 396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186 000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2 375 259, this would translate to 7·9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip. A report from Feb 7, 2024, at the time when the direct death toll was 28 000, estimated that without a ceasefire there would be between 58 260 deaths (without an epidemic or escalation) and 85 750 deaths (if both occurred) by Aug 6, 2024.[10]

An immediate and urgent ceasefire in the Gaza Strip is essential, accompanied by measures to enable the distribution of medical supplies, food, clean water, and other resources for basic human needs. At the same time, there is a need to record the scale and nature of suffering in this conflict. Documenting the true scale is crucial for ensuring historical accountability and acknowledging the full cost of the war. It is also a legal requirement. The interim measures set out by the International Court of Justice in January, 2024, require Israel to “take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of … the Genocide Convention”.[11] The Gaza Health Ministry is the only organisation counting the dead. Furthermore, these data will be crucial for post-war recovery, restoring infrastructure, and planning humanitarian aid.

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The authors would like to acknowledge study team members Shofiqul Islam and Safa Noreen for their contribution to collecting and managing the data for this Correspondence.

Martin McKee is a member of the editorial board of the Israel Journal of Health Policy Research and of the International Advisory Committee of the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research. MM was co-chair of the Institute’s 2016 6th International Jerusalem Conference on Health Policy, but writes in a personal capacity. He also collaborates with researchers in Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon.

Rasha Khatib and Salim Yusuf declare no competing interests.

Notes

[1] UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Reported impact snapshot. Gaza Strip.
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-19-june-2024
Date: June 19, 2024
Date accessed: June 21, 2024

[6] Airwars
Israel and Gaza.
https://airwars.org/conflict/israel-and-gaza-2023/
Date: 2024
Date accessed: May 3, 2024

[7] UN Office Geneva
10 000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza.
https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2024/05/93055/10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza
Date: 2024
Date accessed: May 3, 2024

[8] Reuters
More countries pause funds for UN Palestinian agency.
https://www.reuters.com/world/britain-italy-finland-pause-funding-un-refugee-agency-gaza-2024-01-27/
Date: 2024
Date accessed: May 2, 2024

[9] UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Global burden of armed conflict.
https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR_2008_eng_web.pdf
Date: 2008
Date accessed: April 10, 2024

[10] Jamaluddine Z
Chen Z
Abukmail H
et al.
Crisis in Gaza: scenario-based health impact projections.
https://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/gaza_projections_report.pdf
Date: 2024
Date accessed: May 1, 2024

[11] International Court of Justice
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip.
https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf
Date: 2024
Date accessed: May 3, 2024 

Featured image is from AbdelHakim Abu Riash/Al Jazeera